Feb. 3 is “Four Chaplains Day” in America by the
unanimous resolution of the U.S. Congress in 1988 – so Americans might
remember, honor and be inspired by the example of the four military chaplains
who sacrificed their lives in World War II “so that others might live.” On Feb. 3, 2016, the 73rd anniversary of their
deaths, American veterans’ organizations all across the country held
annual ceremonies honoring “The Immortal Four Chaplains.”
But will Americans generally honor and remember
the Four Chaplains? Will the example of their lives be taught to our American
children in their schools? Do most Americans, especially new Americans, the
young and immigrants, even know who the Four Chaplains are and what they did?
“Greater love hath no man than this, that a man
lay down his life for his friends,” instructs St. John in the Bible. The
Immortal Four Chaplains lived and embodied that truth: On Feb. 3, 1943, the
Dorchester, a converted luxury cruise ship, was transporting Army troops to
Greenland in World War II, escorted by three Coast Guard cutters and
accompanied by two slow-moving freighters. On board were some 900 troops and
four chaplains, of diverse religions and backgrounds but of a common faith and
commitment to serve God, country and all the troops, regardless of their
religious beliefs, or non-belief.
The Four Chaplains are: Rev. George Fox
(Methodist); Father John Washington (Roman Catholic); Jewish Rabbi Alexander
Goode; and Rev. Clark Poling (Dutch Reformed).
At approximately 12:55 a.m., in the dead of a
freezing night, the Dorchester was hit by a torpedo fired by German U-boat. The
blast ripped a hole in the ship from below the waterline to the top deck. The
engine room was instantly flooded. Crewmen not scalded to death by steam
escaping from broken pipes and the ship’s boiler drowned. Hundreds of troops in
the flooded lower compartments drowned, or washed out to the frigid waters,
where most would die.
In less than a minute, the Dorchester listed on
a 30-degree angle. Troops on deck searched for life jackets in panic, clung to
rails and other handholds, saw overloaded lifeboats overturn in the turgid
water, or leaped overboard as a last desperate hope for life. Many with life
jackets drowned when the life preservers became water-logged. Of the 900 troops
and crew on board, two-thirds would ultimately die. Most of those who survived
had lifelong infirmities and pain from their time in the icy waters.
Dorchester survivors told of the wild
pandemonium on board when it was hit and began sinking. Many men had not slept
in their clothes and life vests as ordered because of the heat in the crowded
quarters below. There was panic, fear, terror – death was no abstraction but
real, immediate, seemingly inescapable. The Four Chaplains acted together to
try bring some order to the chaos, to calm the panic of the troops, to
alleviate their fear and terror, to pray with and for them, to help save their
lives and souls. The chaplains passed out life jackets, helping those too
panicked to put them on correctly, until the awful moment arrived when there
were no more life jackets to be given out. It was then that one of the most
remarkable acts of heroism, courage, faith and love in American, and human,
history took place:
Each of the Four Chaplains took off his life
jacket and, knowing that act made death certain, put his life jacket on a
soldier who didn’t have one, refusing to listen to any protest that they should
not make such a sacrifice. They continued to help the troops until the last
moment. Then, as the ship sank into the raging sea, the
Four Chaplains linked hands and arms and could be seen and heard by the
survivors praying together, even singing hymns, joined together in faith, love
and unity as they sacrificed their lives so “that others might live.” The few
survivors testified to the selfless act of the Four Chaplains.
Congress awarded the
Four Chaplains an unprecedented “Congressional Medal of Valor” in 1961. Earlier,
in 1944, they were awarded Purple Hearts and the Distinguished Service Cross.
They did not receive the Medal of Honor because of restrictions limiting that
medal to combatants. Veterans organizations have called on Congress to make an
exception and award the Medal of Honor to the Four Chaplains.
At the dedication
of the Chapel of the Four Chaplains in 1951, then-President Harry Truman said
their sacrifice reflected the fact that “the unity of our country is a unity
under God...“This interfaith shrine … will stand through
long generations to teach Americans that as men can die heroically as brothers,
so should they live together in mutual faith and good will.”